home guard

The Home Guard
This is a page in Alan Moore's website www.redhill-reigate-history.co.uk

In May 1940 Secretary for War, Anthony Eden, set up the Home Guard with radio broadcasts to the nation at 6pm and 9pm, although at this early stage it was known as the Local Volunteer Force (LDV), an unpaid body that was to be a uniformed part of the Armed Forces of the country. All a man had to do to join, as long as he was aged between 17 and 65, was to volunteer at his local police station. All Head Constables had been forewarned by telegram on the morning of the broadcast. The Government hoped for half a million men to answer the call but by the end of June had almost three times that figure nationally. Eight hundred registered in Redhill and Reigate within the first twenty-four hours and fifteen hundred within forty-eight hours. Any man's special skills were noted and utilised but women who applied were not allowed to join directly, only to fill administration posts. Whilst typing and general office duties were undertaken by many women, and were an invaluable part of the force, many wanted to do more. The Reigate LDV consisted of four units, Reigate North, Reigate South (with around 100 men each, Redhill (600 men) and Merstham (100+ men). Lt-Col R.Hake of the White House, Reigate Heath, was the Borough commander. With so many in its ranks it was necessary to divide the Redhill unit into smaller platoons for purposes of training and duties. The platoon divisions were as follows: -
Area Commander Reigate Capt W.E.Hill Redhill Capt. E.T.Mansfield 2i/c Major Strickland Merstham Capt. W.Charlesworth 2i/c Capt. D.J.Smith	Divisional Leaders North Lt. A.Dewar South Capt. Gibson 1 Mr Cutliffe 2 Lt Howe Pringle 3 Maj. Boyer 4 Capt. Ferguson 1 Capt. Bowring 2 Lt. V.Winson		Walter Howe Pringle, a divisional leader at Redhill, in Home Guard uniform (picture courtesy Peter Pringle) 1
As well as the officers named above a former quartermaster, Mr Sydney Lovegrove, was appointed to take charge of weapons and stores as they became available. The HQ of Mr Pringle's unit was at his house at 10 Upper Bridge Road. The HQ of at least one of the other units was in the main hall of the Colman Institute in London Road, Redhill. The LDV was a short-lived name for the Force as in July 1940 Winston Churchill made a speech in which he said that the country now had more than a million men enrolled in the Force, which was better called the Home Guard. This name stuck and by the end of the month had been adopted officially. It was in the same month that the Reigate and Redhill Unit was reorganised. Originally set up as the No. 9 Surrey Company the transfer to it of the Kingswood Company brought about re-designation as the 8^th Surrey (Reigate) Battalion. The Home Guard's basic duties included observation and the transmission of information to the military and civil defence organisations in its area, with special regard to enemy presence - in the event of invasion the delaying of the enemy as long as possible - the protection of vital installations (Redhill, Reigate and Merstham telephone exchanges, for example) - and the utilisation of its local knowledge by acting as a guide to the regular army as and when the occasion might arise. To these ends patrols were mounted, the first in Redhill and Reigate being on May 17th 1940 to Reigate Hill near the water tower. Capt. E.H.Tuckwell came from Guildford HQ to lead a group armed with six p14 rifles but found the view to be obscured by Reigate Park. The next night a patrol went there under command of Mr Vigers, Capt. Tackle being summoned to Guildford for a conference. The men on that first patrol were Mssrs. Chalcroft, Cook, Cuss, Dungate, Elliott, Hunt, Pilbeam, and Rumble. Experience would show which were the best observation points and patrols were undertaken accordingly. Redhill Common, Reigate Park, Reigate Hill, Nutfield Priory and Shepherds Hill all being good night time outlooks. The first two patrols were supplied with offices on wheels equipped with heating and lighting. The manning of road blocks and the checking of ID papers was also a Home Guard duty and a dim view was taken of anyone thinking themselves above such restrictions, with a number of cases in Surrey concerning those who did ending in the courts. Perhaps the factors in reducing the perceived authority of the Home Guard included the early lack of uniform, the fact that its members were local men, in many cases senior citizens, and that membership conveyed authority to working class members that middle class people did not feel obliged to recognise. This was a time when class distinction was still very much in evidence. Other duties included the nightly guarding of the telephone exchanges at Redhill, Reigate and Merstham, and the occasional posting of guards upon food depots and military traffic that was temporarily parked in the area.

2	Lieutenant Howe Pringle (far left)and three of his contingent appear to be part of a Home Guard demonstration. Going by the hills north of Merstham appearing in the background the venue is probably the training area at Bletchingley. Walter Pringle appears to be giving instructions or explaining something. The two men next to him are wearing camouflage. Another man, a lieutenant, may be a ‘casualty’. The rest of the people present seem to be observers. The first of these is possibly the higher rank, the next two are majors. One is in civilian clothes and could be a newspaper man. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)
Two separate training areas, known as fieldcraft schools, existed. the earlier one being at an overgrown golf course at Bletchingley, the other at Shagbrook, at Buckland just west of Reigate. It is known that Major-General Lord Bridgeman, Director General Home Guard 1941-45, visited the fieldcraft school at Bletchingley in December 1941 and the fieldcraft school at Shagbrook in August 1943. These pictures do not seem to be of either of those visits,

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An action photo showing covert action by four members of the Home Guard with the firing of either a gun or a smoke generator. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)		This action picture shows men in the firing position. Probably taken at the same demonstration it shows the men wearing helmets not seen in any of the other photos. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)

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Examples of camouflage, with apparently two men either side of a camouflage draped object. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)		Camouflaged riflemen. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)

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Camouflage has apparently enabled two men to surprise a guard whom they are in the act of overpowering. Posed possibly as part of the same demonstration referred to above. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)		With much more relaxed body language apparent it may be that the demonstration is over. Discussion possibly is about the camouflage used. Walter Pringle is on the right with a previously unseen civilian. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)

Uniforms for volunteers were not on immediately supply, at first armbands with LDV on them were all that were available, and then there were not always enough to go around. The official issue, when it could be distributed, was steel helmet, service jacket or denim overall, and a service or forage cap. When these were eventually delivered those who got items to fit were the lucky ones. As weapons were not allowed to be carried without the armband being worn it was important that when going off duty men left theirs behind for those coming on duty to wear and thus qualify for a weapon. Not that these were always available either. Some men, farmers for example, might have eased the shortage situation by bringing along shotguns they owned, others hunting rifles etc. Stories of pikes and broom handles being used in other parts of the country are apparently not without foundation. As already stated, a limited number of p14 rifles were available to Redhill and Reigate men. Unfortunately there was no guarantee that the possession by Home Guard units of rifles ensured the possession of suitable quantities of ammunition for them as this was also in very short supply. One activity for which some sort of ammunition supply had to be available for was rifle training, which in Redhill/Reigate's case was carried out at a local range (see later note regarding location). The early patrols carried loaded weapons but experience of accidents involving men not used to handling weapons prompted a ruling that when on patrol with a rifle five rounds was to be carried in the pocket. The rifle was only to be loaded when the man encountered the enemy. Other weapons used were molotov cocktails, which had been proved useful against tanks in the Spanish Civil War. Groups of volunteers were formed into bomb squads and trained in their manufacture and use. It ought to be said that against a fully armed invasion force the volunteers were a little lightly equipped, to say the least, and it has been recorded that their spirit was superior to their weaponry. By July 1940 organisation was fairly complete, with a mobile HQ also set up and motorcyclists being trained as dispatch riders. The Battle of Britain began on July 10th 1940 and created new and real activities for the Home Guard in the shape of spotting enemy parachutists and guarding vulnerable installations that were receiving special attention from the Luftwaffe. Home Guard training was not just in the use of rifles but in small arms generally, including grenades, and in fieldcraft. This involved concealment and camouflage, the spotting of a concealed enemy (perhaps in the form of snipers), and in moving about without being seen or apprehended, and in capturing enemy parachutists who also wanted to avoid being seen. It also involved learning how to react and escape when under fire. 9 Practice at grenade throwing (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)

10	Here two men are under revolver tuition. It looks very unconvincing. The sergeant has his knife and fork sticking out of his tunic pocket as if he’s off to lunch as soon as the photo has been taken. Both pupils have one eye closed. The four apparent tutors heavily outnumber pupils. How can the man on the left adjust the arm position of the pupil as though he can see better down the length of the barrel? If this photo was taken for publicity purposes it would lower moral among the population at large rather than raise it. On the back of the picture is written: ‘right to left, Mr Littlewood, (the sergeant?) Pup Hemsley, (the younger aimer?) Phillip Bennett (with the moustache?) Mr Hemsley (2^nd aimer?). The aimer on the right seems to be the same man who was the overpowered guard in picture 7 on the left. The man at the back of the group with just his face showing seems to be the camouflaged man 2nd from left in picture 2 above, and does still have some on his helmet. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)

11		Lt Pringle lived in Upper Bridge Road, Redhill, and part of his house was given over as the Home Guard HQ. Here the 8th Battalion of the Surrey Home Guard is drawn up in the road outside his house The house was no.8, Holmleigh (not in picture as the men are facing it) and was next to no.6, Apsley, the house that was bombed. As platoon leader Mr Pringle made his house the platoon HQ. A Mr Murphy recollected in an article in the Surrey Mirror of December 7^th 1989 that the house was ‘more like an army barracks than a house, with uniforms and men going around the place every day’. Presumably this meant that much of the equipment required by the platoon was kept there and operations started from there. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)

12		The platoon marching down Upper Bridge Road, Walter Pringle leading. (Possibly as the start of the stand-down parade- see below) (picture courtesy Peter Pringle) Author's note: As author of this website it is a little strange to look at these pictures for I lived only a few houses down from Mr Howe Pringle on the same side of Upper Bridge Road from 1939 to 1951 yet knew nothing of any Home Guard activities duing the war years. Admittedly I was very young, being only six years old in 1945, but my mother remembers no Home Guard activities either, although she remembers Mr Pringle. If anyone has any memories of any of the Home Guard activity in Redhill or Reigate I would be pleased to hear from them.
Weekend camps and proficiency testing, both more than reminiscent of scouting activities, were additional tasks undertaken by Home Guard men. In fact scouts of suitable age must have been in their element here, and suitable age usually meant fit and willing and between 14 and 70, although the official age limit was 18-65. In June 1941, boys of 17 were accepted as cadets into the Home Guard and units of boys aged 12-18 affiliated with a view to replaced some of those called up. Any early relaxation of the age rule was ended by the end of 1941, however, and perhaps accounted for the decline in membership that stared around this time, although another reason apart from the transference to the regular army was movement to other Civil Defence organisations. It ought to also be noted that the National Service Act of December 1941 also made some form of National Service compulsory, making all those between 18 and 51 liable to be conscripted into the Home Guard, which now lost its voluntary status. One of the problems faced by the Home Guard early on could well have been a lack of credibility attributable to men who only practised at war while the real fight went on elsewhere. Bureaucracy and age was against them as was the interruption they caused to the relatively tranquil lives of many civilians away from the areas receiving specific enemy attention. As we now know invasion never came but none of them knew then what we know now and so lived with the very real possibility that their acquired skills might well be required in earnest. After all, the enemy was gathered in strength only just across the English Channel. As mentioned at the beginning of this section, many of the trainers were skilled in one or more of these activities, either through having received intensive training themselves or through having been in the armed forces before the war. Indeed, some members of the Home Guard were veterans of other wars, such as WW1 or the Spanish Civil War. Training included the use of manuals and Government films but was taken beyond the pure learning stage and into the experience stage with the setting up of exercises that simulated 'invasion-type events. Probably all created new experiences for many of the men although some were designed to test official procedures as well as Home Guard preparedness. Weaknesses could be identified and remedied this way. Mistakes could be made in practice rather than when it really mattered than none were made at all. 14 The Redhill platoon under the command of Capt Howe Pringle, who is 4^th from the left in the back row. (picture courtesy Peter Pringle)

Another re-organisation was that of the Area Group into six Companies as below: -
Company A B C D E F	Commander Capt. W.Hill 2 i/c Major Scott Lt. A.Dewar 2 i/c Lt.Col. E.James Capt. John Gibson 2 i/c Mr W.Jeffcock Capt. E.Mansfield 2 i/c Major Strickland Capt. W.Charlesworth 2 i/c Capt. D.J.Smith Capt. C.H.Austin 2 i/c Lt-Col. Stowell	As time went by the activities and skill requirements of the Home Guard were expanded more and more. Communication skills ranged from despatch riders on motorcycles to radio operators. Combat skills included street fighting and house clearance, as well as town and village defence. In Spring 1942 they also included the manning of anti-aircraft batteries following the transfer of 50,000 home based regulars abroad. With bombing, and later V1 and V2 activity, rescue and first-aid was also a part of Home Guard duty. In addition to general units of Home Guard there were those formed by factories, utilities and other companies. These included gas and electricity companies, the GPO, railway and bus companies. The East Surrey Water Company had its own unit at Reigate looking after its interests there, as did the Reigate bus garage. The Southern Railway had thousand of miles of track carried over thousands of bridges and viaducts, all vulnerable to attack and essential for continued communication, so it also had its own Home Guard units and benefited from their specialised as well as local knowledge. Redhill and Reigate railwaymen belonged to the 2nd Southern Railway Battalion, some of whom formed a light AA unit that saw action against the flying bombs.

In September of 1944 it was advised that the Home Guard would be disbanded at the end of December. If this seems rather early it must be remembered that by this time, with Allied occupation of Europe under way and the Germans in retreat the war had taken a turn in Britain's favour and invasion was no longer a real threat. Nevertheless many members were disillusioned with the way the disbandment was handled. Some had been working eighteen-hour days in order to old down full-time jobs and carry out their Home Guard duties. Some had taken to their tasks with such gusto that a new way of life that suited them very well had suddenly come to an end. As a result some members left before the official stand down at the end of the year. On the other side of the coin there were no doubt those to whom the compulsory attendance was an intrusion on their lives and they welcomed the ruling. The final parade of the Surrey Home Guard took place in Croydon on December 1st 1944. The Stand Down parade of the 8th Surrey (Reigate) battalion was a few days later. The men marched from the County School to the Odeon, Redhill, via London Road, High Street, Church Street and the main road to Redhill. The ceremony at the Odeon began with a service conducted by the vicar of St Luke's, South Park. This was followed by a speech from the Mayor in which he congratulated the first contingent of the armed forces to be demobilised. He added that they should have no regrets about not going into action against a ruthless enemy, quoting Milton's great line; 'They also serve who only stand and wait'. Additional speeches were made by Sir Leslie Burnett and Col. Hake.
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The Home Guard on the march. This may not be the stand-down parade but a parade on another occasion (pictures courtesy Peter Pringle)

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First the band then the batallion in Chart Lane, Reigate, with Walter Pringle at its head. (pictures courtesy Peter Pringle)

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The parade in Bell Street, Reigate. Unfortunately we are unable to see who is taking the salute (pictures courtesy Peter Pringle)


Memories of Mr M.Pringle, son of Walter Pringle mentioned above
.....After the Home Guard had disposed of its Pike and Pitchfork image, a consignment of 1914/18 Ross 300 calibre rifles arrived from Canada in their protective grease. A chap called Jackson who had some electrical ability and myself cleaned the rifles ready for use. Some folk, including Walter Pringle, still had their service revolvers from the 1914-18 war. Some even had uniforms which scarcely fitted them and were covered in the ravages of moths. .....As a 14-year old home from public school for the summer holidays I wore an LDV arm band and journeyed on my cycle between Redhill Company HQ (Redhill Football Club Offices) and Battalion HQ in Reigate. Redhill had Major Mansfield, an ex-colonial administrator, and Captain Strickland, a retired army major who took a drop in rank. In the battalion were a number of distinguished officers from the first war; Lt Col Dudley Lewis DSO MC; Lt Col Young MC, and Captain Bickell, who wore RFC wings. .... 1940 brought the Battle of Britain and with it the indiscriminate bombing of Redhill and Reigate. Our house in Upper Bridge Road, Redhill, had a bomb in the front garden. The house survived but the house next door was in flats and was declared a dangerous building. Occupants the Udales were safe and were rehoused opposite. .... Amongst the local Home Guard were a number of workers from the Monotype works at Salfords and Harold Stanley, a barristers clerk in the Chambers of Ronald Ainstey Jones QC (Princess Margaret’s father-in-law). Harold bore a mustard gas scar on his forehead, a reminder of gas attacks in WW1. He lived built a Humber Snipe in good cellar. .....One figure who liked to play with his ammunition was Lt Wally Rands, a fellow with lots of explosive expertise which he put to good use in training. .... The field craft school was opened in 1943 at the old Bletchingly golf course. Members of the Home Guard from far and wide attended the courses at weekends, often sleeping under canvas. .... The threat of a summer invasion was fading and the replacement threats were the V1 flying bomb and the V2 rocket, Hitler’s secret weapon. No one could do anything about the V1 rockets save that the RAF paid frequent visits to Peenemunde where they were developed. The rocket sites were in Holland Belgium and on the French coast. I was particularly friendly with Sid Bish. He had one eye and worked at Negretti & Zambia Scientific Instruments. Sid was killed when a V1 rocket fell on houses in Earlswood. .... The field craft school under the guidance of Walter Pringle was relocated at Shagbrook, Buckland, an isolated country mansion with extensive grounds opposite the Buckland sandpits. We had a lot of fun at Shagbrook; Humphrey Harvey and myself slept under the stars after a visit to the Jolly Farmers. We entertained the Merstham Division of the ladies Home Guard and took them out on patrol. (What has happened to Effie Charlesworth?). We had live ammunition and dummy hand grenades that exploded like fireworks. We had a lot of fun throwing them into the Buckland sandpit lake.

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A photo of a Home Guard Platoon taken at Redhill Sportsground, probably after the stand-down parade. Nothing is known about this group. (picture courtesy Roy Styles)		This is 13th Platoon, D Company, also at the Sportsground and again taken probably after the stand-down parade. On the bottom of the picture is written 'In appreciation of loyal service. Good luck!' It is signed by W.Bush and C.Lawrence. The man far right of thre front row is Herbert William Henson. (picture courtesy Roy Styles)

Grateful thanks to Peter Pringle and Roy Styles for the pictures. If anyone can provide more information about any of them, or would like to comment upon them, I would be very pleased to hear from them. If anyone has additinal pictures or information about the Home Guard in Redhill and Reigate or surrounding area I should be pleased to hear from them too. Contact author Similarly, if you spot any mistakes or errors I'd be grateful to know about them

This is a page in Alan Moore's website www.redhill-reigate-history.co.uk